A hydrogen-evolving Ni(P₂N₂)₂ electrocatalyst covalently attached to a glassy carbon electrode: Preparation, characterization, and catalysis. Comparisons with the homogeneous analogue

A hydrogen-evolving homogeneous Ni(P₂N₂)₂ electrocatalyst with peripheral ester groups has been covalently attached to a 1,2,3-triazolyllithium-terminated planar glassy carbon electrode surface. Coupling proceeds with both the Ni(0) and the Ni(II) complexes. X-ray photoemission spectra show excellent agreement between the Ni(0) coupling product and its parent complex, and voltammetry of the surface-confined system shows that a single species predominates with a surface density of 1.3 × 10^-10 mol cm^-2, approaching the value estimated for a densely packed monolayer. With the Ni(II) system, both photoemission and voltammetric data show speciation to unidentified products on coupling, and the surface density is 6.7 × 10^-11 mol cm^-2. The surface-confined Ni(0) complex is an electroctalyst for hydrogen evolution, showing the onset of catalytic current at the same potential as the soluble parent complex. Decomposition of the surface-confined species is observed in acidic acetonitrile. This is interpreted to reflect the lability of the Ni(II)-phosphine interaction and the basicity of the free phosphine and bears on concurrent efforts to implement surface-confined Ni(P₂N ₂)₂ complexes in electrochemical or photoelectrochemical devices.