Controlled assembly of hydrogenase-CdTe nanocrystal hybrids for solar hydrogen production

We present a study of the self-assembly, charge-transfer kinetics, and catalytic properties of hybrid complexes of CdTe nanocrystals (nc-CdTe) and Clostridium acetobutylicum [FeFe]-hydrogenase I (H₂ase). Molecular assembly of nc-CdTe and H₂ase was mediated by electrostatic interactions and resulted in stable, enzymatically active complexes. The assembly kinetics was monitored by nc-CdTe photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and exhibited first-order Langmuir adsorption behavior. PL was also used to monitor the transfer of photogenerated electrons from nc-CdTe to H ₂ase. The extent to which the intramolecular electron transfer (ET) contributed to the relaxation of photoexcited nc-CdTe relative to the intrinsic radiative and nonradiative (heat dissipation and surface trapping) recombination pathways was shown by steady-state PL spectroscopy to be a function of the nc-CdTe/H₂ase molar ratio. When the H₂ase concentration was lower than the nc-CdTe concentration during assembly, the resulting contribution of ET to PL bleaching was enhanced, which resulted in maximal rates of H₂ photoproduction. Photoproduction of H₂ was also a function of the nc-CdTe PL quantum efficiency (PLQE), with higher-PLQE nanocrystals producing higher levels of H₂, suggesting that photogenerated electrons are transferred to H₂ase directly from core nanocrystal states rather than from surface-trap states. The duration of H ₂ photoproduction was limited by the stability of nc-CdTe under the reactions conditions. A first approach to optimization with ascorbic acid present as a sacrificial donor resulted in photon-to-H₂ efficiencies of 9% under monochromatic light and 1.8% under AM 1.5 white light. In summary, nc-CdTe and H₂ase spontaneously assemble into complexes that upon illumination transfer photogenerated electrons from core nc-CdTe states to H₂ase, with low H₂ase coverages promoting optimal orientations for intramolecular ET and solar H₂ production.