Surface optimization to eliminate hysteresis for record efficiency planar perovskite solar cells

The electron-transport layer (ETL) between the active perovskite material and the cathode plays a critical role in planar perovskite solar cells. Herein, we report a drastically improved solar cell efficiency via surface optimization of the TiO₂ ETL using a special ionic-liquid (IL) that shows high optical transparency and superior electron mobility. As a consequence, the efficiency is promoted to as high as 19.62% (the certified efficiency is 19.42%), exceeding the previous highest efficiency recorded for planar CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite solar cells. Surprisingly, the notorious hysteresis is completely eliminated, likely due to the improved ETL quality that has effectively suppressed ion migration in the perovskite layer and charge accumulation at the interfaces, higher electron mobility to balance the hole flux at the anode, and a better growth platform for the high quality perovskite absorber. Both experimental analyses and theoretical calculations reveal that the anion group of the IL bonds to TiO₂, leading to a higher electron mobility and a well-matched work function. Meanwhile, the cation group interfaces with adjacent perovskite grains to provide an effective channel for electron transport and a suitable setting to grow low trap-state density perovskite for improved device performance.